UNIT I: Introduction to Turbo Machinery and Impact of Jet (08hrs)
Introduction to Turbo Machinery
Turbo machines (Hydraulic &
Thermal), Classification of Turbo machines, Comparison with positive
displacement machines, Fundamental equation governing turbo machines, Different
losses associated with turbo-machinery, Applications of Turbo machines
Impact of Jet
Impulse momentum principle and
its applications, Force exerted on fixed and moving flat plate, hinged plate,
curved vanes, series of flat plates and radial vanes, velocity triangles and
their analysis, work done equations, vane efficiency.
Contents to be covered:
Introduction to Turbo Machinery
·
Introduction
to Turbo machines (Definition)
·
Classification
of Turbo machines
·
Comparison
between Turbo machines and positive displacement machines
·
Fundamental
equation for Turbo machine
·
Different
losses associated with Turbo-machinery
·
Applications
of Turbo machines
Impact of Jet
·
Impulse
momentum principle
·
Cases
to be covered under impact of jet for fixed and moving plate/vanes (Derivation
& Numerical)
·
Flat
vertical plate (fixed and moving)
·
Flat
inclined plate (fixed and moving)
·
Hinged
Plate (Numerical expected)
·
Symmetrical
curved vane (fixed and moving) and jet striking at
·
The
center of vane
·
Tangential
to vane
·
Series
of flat and curved vanes (Derivation for maximum vane efficiency to be covered)
·
Derivation
of fundamental equation for Turbo machine (Euler’s Equation)
·
Unsymmetrical
curved vane and jet striking at (Numerical & Derivation)
·
Tangential
to vane
·
Series
of radial curved vanes
·
Construction
of velocity triangle
·
Work
done and efficiency
Special
Remarks: -
Derivation and numerical on above topics to be covered. Derivation or Numerical
on Hinge Plate or Pipe Bends are not expected.
Suggested Books:-
1. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:-Modi
& Seth
2.
Fluid
Mechanics & Fluid power Engg. - D. S. Kumar
3. Hydraulic Machines (Theory &
Design):- Vasandani
4. Turbo machines by B. U. Pai
Unit –II: Impulse Water Turbines (06hrs)
Introduction to Hydro power
plant, classification of hydraulic turbines construction, principle of working,
velocity diagrams and analysis, design aspects, performance parameters,
performance characteristics, specific speed, selection of turbines, multi-jet
Pelton wheel
Contents to be covered:
·
Classification
of Turbo machines
·
Introduction
to Hydraulic Power Plant and their components
·
Classification
of Hydraulic Turbine
·
Head
and Efficiencies related to Hydraulic Turbines
·
Pelton
wheel construction and principle of working (Theory)
·
Velocity
diagrams and analysis
·
Derivation
for work done and efficiency expected
·
Condition
for Maximum efficiency derivation
·
Design
aspects of Pelton wheel (Numerical to be covered)
·
Empirical
relations for bucket design
·
Number
of jets, Number of Buckets and jet diameter
·
Governing
mechanism (construction and working)
·
Performance
characteristics curves (to be covered in Practical session)
·
Introduction
to Unit Quantities with derivation
·
Main
Characteristics, Operating Characteristics and Constant Efficiency curves (No numerical
on unit quantities is expected)
·
Specific
Speed
·
Derivation
and numerical
·
Selection
of turbines (Can be discussed commonly with Unit III)
·
Introduction
to multi-jet Pelton wheel (Numerical limited to twin jet)
Suggested Books:-
1. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:-Modi
& Seth
2. Fluid Mechanics & Fluid power
Engg. - D. S. Kumar
3. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:
- Ramamrutham
4.
Fluid
Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines: - R. K. Rajput
Unit –III: Reaction Water Turbines (08 hrs)
Classifications, Francis,
Propeller, Kaplan Turbines, construction features, velocity diagrams and
analysis, degree of reaction, performance characteristics.
Draft tubes: types and analysis,
causes and remedies for cavitation phenomenon
Governing of turbines, Similitude
and dimensional analysis of hydraulic turbines
Contents to be covered:
Francis Turbine
·
Introduction
to Reaction Turbines
·
Classification
of Reaction turbine
·
Inward
and Outward flow turbines velocity triangle and analysis
·
Numerical
on inward flow reaction turbine only
·
Construction
and working of Francis turbine
·
Components
of Francis Turbine
·
Velocity
Triangle (For Slow, Medium and Fast Runners)
·
Work
done and efficiency (Derivation and Numerical)
·
Degree
of Reaction (Significance only, No derivation and Numerical)
·
Design
aspects (Numerical to be covered)
·
Governing
mechanism (construction and working)
·
Performance
characteristics curves (to be covered in Practical session)
·
Main
Characteristics, Operating Characteristics and Constant Efficiency curves
Axial Flow Turbine
·
Introduction
to Axial Flow Turbines
·
Construction
and working of Propeller and Kaplan turbine
·
Components
of Propeller and Kaplan Turbine
·
Velocity
Triangle (Numerical on blade angle calculation at various circumferential
points is expected)
·
Work
done and efficiency (Derivation and Numerical)
·
Degree
of Reaction (Significance, No numerical)
·
Design
aspects (Numerical to be covered)
·
Governing
mechanism (construction and working)
·
Performance
characteristics curves (to be covered in Practical session)
·
Main
Characteristics, Operating Characteristics and Constant Efficiency curves
Common to Reaction Turbine
·
Draft
Tube
·
Types
of draft tubes
·
Theory
of draft tube (Derivation for draft tube efficiency)
·
Numerical
on Draft tube dimensions and efficiency
·
Cavitation
(No Numerical)
·
Phenomenon
·
Causes,
Effects and Remedies
·
Thomas
Cavitation factor
·
Specific
Speed
·
Derivation
and numerical
·
Selection
of turbine
·
Comparison
of impulse and Reaction turbine
·
Comparison
of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbine
·
Part
load efficiency to be discussed
·
Governing
of turbines
·
Similitude
and dimensional analysis of hydraulic turbines
·
Model
and Prototype relationship to be discussed (Numerical Expected)
·
Dimensional
Analysis of Hydraulic Turbines (Numerical Expected)
Suggested Books:-
1. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:-Modi
& Seth
2. Fluid Mechanics & Fluid power
Engg. - D. S. Kumar
3. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:
- Ramamrutham
4.
Fluid
Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines: - R. K. Rajput
UNIT– IV: Steam Turbines (08 Hours)
Steam nozzles: types and applications,
Equation for velocity and mass flow rate [No numerical treatment].
Contents to be covered:
Steam nozzles (No numerical treatment, expected
to be covered in practical)
·
Introduction
to steam nozzles its types and applications in turbo machines.
·
General
relationship between area, velocity and pressure in nozzle flow.
·
Application
of momentum and SFEE to nozzle
·
Equation
for mass flow rate, velocity and nozzle efficiency.
·
Effect
of Nozzle friction.
·
Variation
of pressure, velocity & specific volume across nozzle.
·
Introduction
to steam power plant and their components
·
Principle
of operation of steam turbine
·
Classification
of steam turbine (Axial and Radial) Emphasis to be given on axial turbine
·
Impulse
turbine (Derivation & Numerical-Limited to single stage only)
·
Construction
and working
·
Velocity
diagrams and analysis of Impulse steam turbine
·
Condition
for maximum diagram efficiency for impulse turbine
·
Compounding
of steam turbine: (Theoretical treatment only)
·
Pressure
compounded impulse turbine: Construction & Working
·
Velocity
compounded impulse turbine: Construction & Working
·
Pressure-Velocity
compounded impulse turbine: Construction & Working
(Merits and Demerits with
Variation of pressure, velocity & specific volume in each case is expected)
·
Reaction
turbine (Derivation & Numerical)
·
Construction
and working
·
Velocity
diagrams and analysis of Reaction steam turbine
·
Degree
of reaction
·
Condition
for maximum diagram efficiency for 50% reaction turbine (Derivation & Numericals
on 50 % reaction turbine)
·
Governing
of steam turbine & Techniques
·
Performance
characteristics of Steam turbine
·
Comparison
between impulse and reaction steam turbine
·
Introduction
to Dimensional analysis of steam turbines
Note: Graphical
or Analytical method can be used for solution of Steam Turbine Problems. The examiner
should specify the method to be followed by students during examination. If the
method is not specified, analytical method should be used.
Suggested Books:-
1. Thermal & Hydraulic Machines:
- G. S. Sawhney
2. Thermal Turbo machines: - Dr.
Onkar Singh
3. Steam & Gas turbine &
Power plant engineering:- Dr. R. Yadav
4. Turbines, Compressors & Fans:
- S. M. Yahya
5.
Thermal
engineering: - R. K. Rajput
UNIT V: Centrifugal Pump (08 Hours)
Classification of rotodynamic
pumps, components of centrifugal pump, types of heads, velocity triangles and
their analysis, effect of outlet blade angle, cavitation, NPSH, Thomas
cavitation factor, priming of pumps, installation, specific speed, performance
characteristics of centrifugal pump, series and parallel operation of pumps,
system resistance curve, selection of pumps, Dimensional and Model analysis of hydraulic
machines
Contents to be covered:
·
Classification
and Application of Pumps
·
Classification
of Roto-dynamic Pump (to be discussed in practical hours)
·
Construction
and Working of Centrifugal Pump
·
Components
of Centrifugal Pumps
·
Casings
and Impeller Types used
·
Working
Principle and Working of Centrifugal Pump
·
Priming
of Centrifugal Pump
·
Types
of Head
·
Velocity
Triangle for centrifugal Pump
·
Work
done and efficiencies related to centrifugal Pump (Derivation and Numerical)
·
Pressure
rise through impeller & Casing (Derivation and Numerical)
·
Effect
of outlet Blade angle on performance of Centrifugal Pump (Significance only)
·
Minimum
Starting Speed (Derivation and simple Numerical)
·
Cavitation
·
Phenomenon
·
Causes,
Effects and Remedies
·
Thomas
Cavitation factor
·
Maximum
Suction lift (Numerical expected)
·
Net
Positive Suction Head (Significance)
·
Specific
Speed (Derivation and numerical)
·
Performance
characteristics curves (to be covered in Practical session)
·
Main
Characteristics, Operating Characteristics and Constant Efficiency curves
·
Multi-stage
Centrifugal Pumps (Numerical Expected)
·
System
Resistance Curve (No Numerical)
·
Selection
of Pumps
·
Dimensional
and model analysis of Hydraulic machines
Suggested Books:-
1. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic
Machines: - Modi & Seth
2. Fluid Mechanics & Fluid power
Engg. - D. S. Kumar
3. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:
- Ramamrutham
4. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines:
- R. K. Rajput
5.
Centrifugal
Pumps: - Igor Karassik and Terry McGuire
UNIT VI: Centrifugal & Axial Compressor (08 Hours)
Centrifugal compressor: Classification of compressors,
Construction, velocity diagram, flow process on T-S Diagram, Euler's work,
actual work input, performance characteristics, various losses in centrifugal
compressor
Axial Compressor: Construction, stage velocity
triangles and its analysis, enthalpy entropy diagram, stage losses and
efficiencies, performance characteristics. [No numerical treatment]
Contents to be covered for Centrifugal compressor:
·
Classification
of rotodynamic compressors, Blowers, fans
·
General
classification of rotodynamic compressors, Blowers, fans
·
Centrifugal
compressor: Constructional Features, Working Principle and Applications to be
discussed
·
Flow
process on T-S Diagram
·
Velocity
diagrams
·
Euler's
work
·
Euler’s
equation and Derivation of Euler’s work
·
Effect
of blade shape/blade angle on velocity diagram
·
Slip
factor and its effect on work input
·
Causes
of Slip, Definition of slip factor and Its Effects on Actual Work Input
·
Dimensionless
parameters
·
Significance
of Dimensionless Parameters
·
Flow
coefficient
·
Head
coefficient
·
Pressure
coefficient
·
Reaction
·
Pre-whirl
losses : Significance With respect to velocity triangles
·
Surging
: Explanation of phenomenon of surging with pressure ratio vs. mass flow rate
variation diagram
·
Choking
: Explanation of choking with pressure ratio vs. mass flow rate variation
diagram
·
Stalling
: Explanation of Stalling phenomenon with sketch
·
Characteristics
curves (to be covered in practical session)
·
Dimensionless
pressure ratio Vs dimensionless mass flow rate
·
Isentropic
efficiency Vs dimensionless mass flow rate
·
Pressure
ratio Vs volume flow rate
NOTE : Numerical based on Single Stage
(Slip Factor, Blade Angle, Euler’s Work, Isentropic Efficiency based on Static
and Stagnation / Total Values and Dimensionless parameters mentioned in syllabus)
centrifugal compressors
Contents to be covered for Axial Compressor:
·
Construction
·
Working
Principle of Axial flow compressor with schematic diagram
·
Applications
·
Stage
velocity triangles and its analysis
·
Pressure
and velocity variation through a compressor stage (Diagram)
·
Velocity
triangles and blade profiles
·
Derivation
of Stage work,
·
Degree
of reaction (50% only) with derivation and numerical
·
Enthalpy
entropy diagram
·
Enthalpy
entropy diagram for flow through a compressor stage
·
Dimensionless
parameters
·
Flow
coefficient
·
Head
coefficient
·
Degree
of reaction
·
Flow
through the blade rows
·
Enthalpy-Entropy
diagram for flow through rotor blade row
·
Efficiency
of rotor blade row
·
Enthalpy-Entropy
diagram for flow through Diffuser (Stator) blade row
·
Efficiency
of Diffuser (Stator) blade row
·
Pressure
rise across the stage
·
Factors
affecting stage pressure rise
·
Blade
speed
·
Effect
of axial velocity
·
Effect
of fluid deflection
·
Stage
losses
·
Explanation
of Stage losses with energy flow diagram for an axial flow compressor stage
·
Profile
losses
·
Skin
friction losses on the annulus wall
·
Secondary
flow losses
·
Efficiencies
·
Derivation
of stage efficiency
·
Total
to total stage efficiency
·
Static
to static stage efficiency
·
Performance
characteristics
·
Pressure
rise Vs flow rate
·
Pressure
ratio Vs non dimensional flow rate
·
Loading
coefficient Vs flow coefficient
NOTE: No Numerical treatment for axial
flow compressor
Suggested Books:-
1. Thermal Turbo machine by Dr.
Onkar Singh
2. Turbine compressors and fans by
S. M. Yahya
3.
Turbo
machines by B. U. Pai
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